The modification of data that is already in the database is
referred to as updating. You can update individual rows, all the
rows in a table, or a subset of all rows. Each column can be
updated separately; the other columns are not affected.
To perform an update, you need three pieces of information:
The name of the table and column to update,
The new value of the column,
Which row(s) to update.
Recall from Chapter 2 that SQL does not, in general,
provide a unique identifier for rows. Therefore it is not
necessarily possible to directly specify which row to update.
Instead, you specify which conditions a row must meet in order to
be updated. Only if you have a primary key in the table (no matter
whether you declared it or not) can you reliably address individual rows,
by choosing a condition that matches the primary key.
Graphical database access tools rely on this fact to allow you to
update rows individually.
For example, this command updates all products that have a price of
5 to have a price of 10:
UPDATE products SET price = 10 WHERE price = 5;
This may cause zero, one, or many rows to be updated. It is not
an error to attempt an update that does not match any rows.
Let's look at that command in detail: First is the key word
UPDATE followed by the table name. As usual,
the table name may be schema-qualified, otherwise it is looked up
in the path. Next is the key word SET followed
by the column name, an equals sign and the new column value. The
new column value can be any scalar expression, not just a constant.
For example, if you want to raise the price of all products by 10%
you could use:
UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10;
As you see, the expression for the new value can also refer to the
old value. We also left out the WHERE clause.
If it is omitted, it means that all rows in the table are updated.
If it is present, only those rows that match the condition after
the WHERE are updated. Note that the equals
sign in the SET clause is an assignment while
the one in the WHERE clause is a comparison, but
this does not create any ambiguity. Of course, the condition does
not have to be an equality test. Many other operators are
available (see Chapter 6). But the expression
needs to evaluate to a Boolean result.
You can also update more than one column in an
UPDATE command by listing more than one
assignment in the SET clause. For example:
UPDATE mytable SET a = 5, b = 3, c = 1 WHERE a > 0;
